El diagnóstico pedagógico personalizado del luchador, en la etapa de perfeccionamiento básico

Conocer las manifestaciones del comportamiento del luchador en la etapa inicial de ejecución del entrenamiento deportivo permite caracterizar, proyectar y controlar el proceso, con una dirección científica. Por ello la presente investigación plantea como objetivo proponer indicadores para el diagnóstico pedagógico personalizado del luchador, en la etapa de perfeccionamiento básico y lograr la efectividad en la formación integral de su personalidad. Ante la situación presentada se realizaron observaciones al comportamiento de los luchadores en el ambiente familiar, escolar, social y deportivo; además de encuestas y entrevistas que permitieron caracterizar el proceso investigado y pronosticar los posibles resultados, para luego desarrollar una eficiente intervención formativa. Las conclusiones derivadas del estudio y análisis de los resultados evidenciaron que los indicadores de diagnóstico pedagógico personalizado del luchador, en la etapa de perfeccionamiento básico contribuyeron con efectividad, en la formación integral de su personalidad.

Conhecer as manifestações do comportamento do lutador na etapa inicial do treinamento esportivo permite caracterizar, projetar e controlar o processo, com uma direção científica. Por essa razão, o objetivo desta pesquisa é propor indicadores para o diagnóstico pedagógico personalizado do lutador, na etapa de aperfeiçoamento básico, e alcançar a eficácia na formação integral de sua personalidade. Diante da situação apresentada, foram feitas observações do comportamento dos lutadores no ambiente familiar, escolar, social e esportivo; além de pesquisas e entrevistas que permitiram caracterizar o processo investigado e prever os possíveis resultados, para então desenvolver uma intervenção formativa eficiente. As conclusões derivadas do estudo e da análise dos resultados mostraram que os indicadores do diagnóstico pedagógico personalizado do lutador, na etapa de aperfeiçoamento básico, contribuíram efetivamente para a formação integral de sua personalidade.

Knowing the manifestations of the wrestler's behavior in the initial stage of sports training execution allows to characterize, project and control the process, with a scientific direction. Therefore, the objective of this research is to propose indicators for the personalized pedagogical diagnosis of the wrestlers, in the basic improvement stage and to achieve effectiveness in the comprehensive formation of his personality. Given the situation presented, observations were made of the behavior of the wrestlers in the family, school, social and sports environment; in addition to surveys and interviews that allowed to characterize the investigated process and predict possible results, to then develop an efficient training intervention. The conclusions derived from the study and analysis of the results showed that the personalized pedagogical diagnosis indicators of the wrestler, in the basic improvement stage, contributed effectively to the comprehensive formation of his personality.

Surface treatments of the zirconia-reinforced lithium disilicate ceramic in the adhesion to the resin cement

Abstract This study verified the effect of surface treatments of the zirconia-reinforced lithium disilicate ceramic bonded to resin cement. Ceramic blocks were divided according to treatments (n=10): FA+SRX (Fluoric acid + silane RX), FA+MDP (Fluoric acid + MDP), FA+SCF+MDP (Fluoric acid + silane CF + MDP), FA+MEP (Fluoric acid + MEP), and MEP (Self-etch primer). Resin cement cylinders were made in the ceramic blocks, photoactivated with 1,200 mW/cm² for 40s, stored in water at 37°C for 24h, and evaluated by the microshear strength test, optical failure descriptive analysis (%), surface characterization (SEM) and contact angle (Goniometer). Other samples were submitted to 10,000 thermocycles between 5°C and 55°C. Bond strength data were submitted to two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test. Contact angle to one-way ANOVA and Games-Howell's test (5%). At 24h, MEP showed higher bond strength, and FA+SRX the lower. FA+MDP and FA+SCF+MDP showed similar values and FA+MEP was intermediate. After thermocycling, FA+SCF+MDP, FA+MEP, and MEP showed higher values, and FA+SRX the lower while FA+MDP was intermediate. When the periods were compared, FA+MDP, FA+SCF+MDP, FA+MEP, and MEP showed higher values for 24h while FA+SRX was similar. SEM showed retentive surface and crystal exposure when treated with FA+SCF+MDP. The less retentive surface was obtained with MEP, and the other treatments promoted intermediate irregularities. In conclusion, surface treatment and thermocycling promoted different values of adhesive strength and contact angle in a zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate ceramic. Failures were predominantly adhesive, and the ceramic surface was characterized by different levels of roughness and selective exposure of crystals.

Resumo O objetivo neste estudo foi verificar o efeito de tratamentos de superfície da cerâmica de dissilicato de lítio reforçada com zircônia fixada ao cimento resinoso. Os blocos cerâmicos foram separados de acordo com os tratamentos (n=10): AF+SRX (ácido fluorídrico + silano), AF+MDP (ácido fluorídrico + MDP), AF+SCF+MDP (ácido fluorídrico + silano + MDP), AF+MEP (Ácido fluorídrico + MEP) e MEP (Primer auto condicionante). Cilindros de cimento resinoso foram confeccionados em cada bloco cerâmico, foto ativados com 1.200 mW/cm² por 40 segundos, armazenados em água a 37°C por 24 horas e avaliados pelo teste de resistência ao micro cisalhamento, falha por análise descritiva em microscopia óptica (%), caracterização da superfície por imagens MEV e ângulo de contato (Goniômetro). Outras amostras foram submetidas a 10.000 ciclos térmicos (5° e 55°C). Os dados de resistência de união foram submetidos a ANOVA dois fatores e teste de Tukey (5%). Ângulo de contato com ANOVA um fator e teste de Games-Howell (5%). Em 24 horas, MEP apresentou maior resistência de união e AF+S a menor. AF+MDP e AF+SCF+MDP apresentaram valores similares e AF+MEP foi intermediário. Após a ciclagem térmica, AF+SCF+MDP, AF+MEP e MEP apresentaram valores maiores e AF+SRX o menor enquanto AF+MDP foi intermediário. Quando comparados os períodos, AF+MDP, AF+SCF+MDP, AF+MEP e MEP apresentaram valores maiores em 24 horas enquanto AF+SRX foi similar. MEV mostrou superfície mais retentiva e exposição de cristais quando tratada com AF+SCF+MDP. A superfície menos retentiva foi obtida com MEP, e os demais tratamentos promoveram irregularidades de superfície intermediárias. Conclui-se que o tratamento superficial e a termociclagem promoveram diferentes valores de resistência adesiva e ângulo de contato em cerâmica de silicato de lítio reforçada com zircônia. As falhas foram predominantemente adesivas, e a superfície cerâmica foi caracterizada com diferentes níveis de rugosidade e exposição seletiva de cristais.

Enzymatic activity of bone markers on Lithobates catesbeianus (Shaw, 1802) growth during the ossification process / Atividade enzimática de marcadores ósseos no crescimento de Lithobates catesbeianus (Shaw, 1802) durante o processo de ossificação

Abstract In order to better understand the ossification processes in anurans our study was carried out on tadpoles and adults of Lithobates catesbeianus. In this sense, we characterized the kinetic properties of alkaline phosphatase with p-nitrophenylphosphatase (pNPP) and pyrophosphate (PPi) and evaluated the activities of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase and acid phosphatase. The enzyme extracts were obtained from tadpoles and adult femurs, which were divided into epiphysis and diaphysis. After homogenization, the samples were submitted to differential centrifugation to obtain cell membranes and, further, to phospholipase C (PIPLC) treatment, to remove membrane-bound proteins anchored by phosphatidylinositol. The average of specific activity for pNPP hydrolysis (at pH 10.5) by alkaline phosphatase released by phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PIPLC) from Bacillus cereus among different bone regions at different animal ages was 1,142.57 U.mg-1, while for PPi hydrolysis (at pH 8.0), it was 1,433.82 U.mg-1. Among the compounds tested for enzymatic activity, the one that influenced the most was EDTA, with approximately 67% of inhibition for pNPPase activity and 77% for PPase activity. In the case of kinetic parameters, the enzyme showed a "Michaelian" behavior for pNPP and PPi hydrolysis. The Km value was around 0.6mM for pNPPase activity and ranged from 0.01 to 0.11mM for PPase activity, indicating that the enzyme has a higher affinity for this substrate. The study of pNPP and PPi hydrolysis by the enzyme revealed that the optimum pH of actuation for pNPP was 10.5, while for PPi, which is considered the true substrate of alkaline phosphatase, was 8.0, close to the physiological value. The results show that regardless of the ossification type that occurs, the same enzyme or isoenzymes act on the different bone regions and different life stages of anurans. The similarity of the results of studies with other vertebrates shows that anurans can be considered excellent animal models for the study of biological calcification.

Resumo Para melhor compreender o processo de ossificação em anuros, nosso estudo foi conduzido em girinos e adultos de Lithobates catesbeianus. Nesse sentido, as propriedades cinéticas da fosfatase alcalina com p-nitrofenilfosfato (pNPP) e pirofosfato (PPi) foram caracterizadas, e as atividades enzimáticas das fosfatases ácida e ácida tartarato resistente foram avaliadas. Os extratos enzimáticos foram obtidos de fêmur de girinos e adultos, divididos em epífise e diáfise. Após a homogeneização as amostras foram submetidas à centrifugação diferencial para obter membrana celular e, em seguida, ao tratamento com fosfolipase C (PIPLC), para remover as proteínas de membrana ancoradas por fosfatidilinositol. A média da atividade específica da fosfatase alcalina, liberada pela PIPLC de Bacillus cereus, para a hidrólise de pNPP (pH 10,5) nas diferentes regiões do fêmur e idades dos animais foi de 1.142,57 U.mg-1, enquanto para a hidrólise do PPi (pH 8,0) foi de 1.433,82 U.mg-1. Entre os compostos testados para a atividade enzimática, o de maior influência foi o EDTA, inibindo aproximadamente 67% e 77% das atividades de pNPPase e PPase, respectivamente. Quanto aos parâmetros cinéticos, a enzima apresentou comportamento Michaeliano para a hidrólise dos dois substratos. O valor de Km foi de 0,6 mM para a atividade de pNPPase e variou de 0,01 a 0,11 para a atividade de PPase, indicando uma maior afinidade por esse substrato. O estudo da hidrólise de pNPP e PPi revelou que o pH ótimo aparente de atuação foi de 10,5 para o pNPP e 8,0 para o PPi, próximo ao fisiológico, sendo que esse é considerado o substrato natural da fosfatase alcalina. Os resultados demonstram que, apesar do tipo de ossificação que ocorre, a mesma enzima ou isoenzimas, atuam nos diferentes locais do osso e estágios de vida dos anuros. A similaridade dos estudos com os realizados com outros vertebrados apontam que os anuros podem ser considerados excelentes modelos animais para o estudo da calcificação biológica.

Percentage Incidences of Bacteria in Mahseer (Tor putitora), Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) Fish Collected from Hatcheries and Local Markets of District Malakand and Peshawar of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan / Incidências percentuais de bactérias em Mahseer (Tor putitora), carpa-prateada (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), peixes coletados em incubatórios e mercados locais do distrito de Malakand e Peshawar de Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Paquistão

Abstract Fish is the main source of animal protein for human diet. The aim of this study was to find out prevalence of pathogenic bacteria of two selected economically important fish of Pakistan namely Mahseer (Tor putitora) and Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix). Live fish samples from hatcheries and dead fish samples from different markets of study area were randomly collected. The fish samples were analyzed for isolation, identification and prevalence of bacteria. The isolated bacteria from study fish were identified through biochemical test and about 10 species of pathogenic bacteria were identified including the pathogenic bacteria to human and fish namely, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus iniae, Serratia spp. Citrobacter spp. Stenotrophomonas spp. Bacillus spp. and Salmonella spp. The bacterial percentage frequency of occurrence in Silver carp and Mahseer fish showed Pseudomonas aeruginosa 21.42%, Staphylococcus epidermidis 17.85%, Escherichia coli 11.90%, Staphylococcus aureus 9.52%, Citrobacter spp. 9.52%, Serratia spp. 8.33%, Streptococcus iniae 7.14%, Stenotrophomonas spp. 5.95%, Bacillus spp. 4.76% and Salmonella spp. 3.57%. The study revealed that Fish samples of Mahseer and Silver carp that were collected from markets have found more isolates (10 bacterial species) than did the fresh fish pond samples (03 bacterial species) of hatcheries. The occurrence of pathogenic bacteria in study fish showed risk factor for public health consumers.

Resumo O peixe é a principal fonte de proteína animal para a alimentação humana. O objetivo deste estudo foi descobrir a prevalência de bactérias patogênicas de dois peixes economicamente importantes selecionados do Paquistão, nomeadamente Mahseer (Tor putitora) e carpa prateada (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix). Amostras de peixes vivos de incubatórios e amostras de peixes mortos de diferentes mercados da área de estudo foram coletadas aleatoriamente. As amostras de peixes foram analisadas quanto ao isolamento, identificação e prevalência de bactérias. As bactérias isoladas dos peixes do estudo foram identificadas através de testes bioquímicos e cerca de 10 espécies de bactérias patogênicas foram identificadas incluindo as bactérias patogênicas para humanos e peixes, nomeadamente, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus iniae, Serratia spp. Citrobacter spp. Stenotrophomonas spp. Bacillus spp. e Salmonella spp. A porcentagem de freqüência de ocorrência bacteriana em carpa prateada e peixes Mahseer mostrou Pseudomonas aeruginosa 21,42%, Staphylococcus epidermidis 17,85%, Escherichia coli 11,90%, Staphylococcus aureus 9,52%, Citrobacter spp. 9,52%, Serratia spp. 8,33%, Streptococcus iniae 7,14%, Stenotrophomonas spp. 5,95%, Bacillus spp. 4,76% e Salmonella spp. 3,57%. O estudo revelou que as amostras de peixes de Mahseer e carpa prateada coletadas nos mercados encontraram mais isolados (10 espécies bacterianas) do que as amostras de peixes frescos (03 espécies bacterianas) de incubatórios. A ocorrência de bactérias patogênicas nos peixes do estudo apresentou fator de risco para consumidores de saúde pública.

Screening, biochemical characterization and antibiotics resistance/susceptibility of bacteria isolated from native soil and water samples / Triagem, caracterização bioquímica e resistência/suscetibilidade a antibióticos de bactérias isoladas de amostras nativas de solo e água

The present study was conducted to isolate and characterize bacteria from water and soil sample taken from the Lahore Canal at different sites i.e. Mall Road, Mohlanwal and Khera site. Isolated bacterial strains were identified on the basis of morphological and biochemical tests. Identification was confirmed by culturing bacteria on selective media. Antibiotic resistance test was also performed to observe the resistance of bacteria against different antibiotics. Blood agar test was performed for identification of different pathogenic bacteria. The result revealed that water and soil samples of Lahore Canal Lahore from different sites were contaminated with Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp., Vibrio sp., Bacillus spp., Enterococcus sp. and Staphylococcus spp. Due to presence of these pathogens, this water is not suitable for any domestic and irrigation use. Study also revealed that water of the Lahore Canal is harmful for human health as it is contaminated with bacteria that can cause severe disease e.g., Escherichia coli can cause gastroenteritis, Bacillus spp. can cause nausea and vomiting, Enterococcus may infect urinary tract, Salmonella sp. is responsible for Bacteremia, Staphylococcus spp. can cause mild fever and Vibrio sp. can be the reason of cholera. Thus it is rendered unfit for any kind of human use even other than drinking like swimming, bathing, washing etc., until and unless some remedial measures are employed to eradicate pathogenic microorganisms by WASA and LWMS according to standards of WHO. Similarly, it is quite harmful, when and where ever it is used for irrigation without proper treatment.

O presente estudo foi realizado para isolar e caracterizar bactérias de amostras de água e solo retiradas do Canal Lahore, em Lahore, em diferentes locais, ou seja, Mall Road, Mohlanwal e Khera. As cepas bacterianas isoladas foram identificadas com base em testes morfológicos e bioquímicos. A identificação foi confirmada por cultura de bactérias em testes de meios seletivos. O teste de resistência aos antibióticos também foi realizado para observar a resistência das bactérias a diferentes antibióticos. Foi realizado o teste de ágar sangue para identificar diferentes bactérias patogênicas. O resultado revelou que amostras de água e solo do Canal Lahore, Lahore, de diferentes localidades estavam contaminadas com Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp., Vibrio sp., Bacillus spp., Enterococcus sp. e Staphylococcus spp. Por causa da presença desses patógenos, essa água não é adequada para qualquer uso doméstico e de irrigação. O estudo revelou que a água do Canal Lahore é prejudicial à saúde humana, pois está contaminada com bactérias que podem causar doenças graves, por exemplo: Escherichia coli pode ocasionar gastroenterite; Bacillus spp. pode causar náuseas e vômitos; Enterococcus sp. pode infectar o trato urinário; Salmonella sp. é responsável pela bacteremia; Staphylococcus spp. pode causar febre leve; e Vibrio sp. pode ser a razão da cólera. Assim, torna-se imprópria para uso humano, como natação, banho, lavagem etc., até que algumas medidas corretivas sejam empregadas para erradicar microrganismos patogênicos por WASA e LWMS de acordo com os padrões da OMS. Da mesma forma, é bastante prejudicial, quando usada para irrigação sem tratamento adequado.

Enzymatic activity of bone markers on Lithobates catesbeianus (Shaw, 1802) growth during the ossification process

Abstract In order to better understand the ossification processes in anurans our study was carried out on tadpoles and adults of Lithobates catesbeianus. In this sense, we characterized the kinetic properties of alkaline phosphatase with p-nitrophenylphosphatase (pNPP) and pyrophosphate (PPi) and evaluated the activities of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase and acid phosphatase. The enzyme extracts were obtained from tadpoles and adult femurs, which were divided into epiphysis and diaphysis. After homogenization, the samples were submitted to differential centrifugation to obtain cell membranes and, further, to phospholipase C (PIPLC) treatment, to remove membrane-bound proteins anchored by phosphatidylinositol. The average of specific activity for pNPP hydrolysis (at pH 10.5) by alkaline phosphatase released by phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PIPLC) from Bacillus cereus among different bone regions at different animal ages was 1,142.57 U.mg-1, while for PPi hydrolysis (at pH 8.0), it was 1,433.82 U.mg-1. Among the compounds tested for enzymatic activity, the one that influenced the most was EDTA, with approximately 67% of inhibition for pNPPase activity and 77% for PPase activity. In the case of kinetic parameters, the enzyme showed a Michaelian behavior for pNPP and PPi hydrolysis. The Km value was around 0.6mM for pNPPase activity and ranged from 0.01 to 0.11mM for PPase activity, indicating that the enzyme has a higher affinity for this substrate. The study of pNPP and PPi hydrolysis by the enzyme revealed that the optimum pH of actuation for pNPP was 10.5, while for PPi, which is considered the true substrate of alkaline phosphatase, was 8.0, close to the physiological value. The results show that regardless of the ossification type that occurs, the same enzyme or isoenzymes act on the different bone regions and different life stages of anurans. The similarity of the results of studies with other vertebrates shows that anurans can be considered excellent animal models for the study of biological calcification.

Resumo Para melhor compreender o processo de ossificação em anuros, nosso estudo foi conduzido em girinos e adultos de Lithobates catesbeianus. Nesse sentido, as propriedades cinéticas da fosfatase alcalina com p-nitrofenilfosfato (pNPP) e pirofosfato (PPi) foram caracterizadas, e as atividades enzimáticas das fosfatases ácida e ácida tartarato resistente foram avaliadas. Os extratos enzimáticos foram obtidos de fêmur de girinos e adultos, divididos em epífise e diáfise. Após a homogeneização as amostras foram submetidas à centrifugação diferencial para obter membrana celular e, em seguida, ao tratamento com fosfolipase C (PIPLC), para remover as proteínas de membrana ancoradas por fosfatidilinositol. A média da atividade específica da fosfatase alcalina, liberada pela PIPLC de Bacillus cereus, para a hidrólise de pNPP (pH 10,5) nas diferentes regiões do fêmur e idades dos animais foi de 1.142,57 U.mg-1, enquanto para a hidrólise do PPi (pH 8,0) foi de 1.433,82 U.mg-1. Entre os compostos testados para a atividade enzimática, o de maior influência foi o EDTA, inibindo aproximadamente 67% e 77% das atividades de pNPPase e PPase, respectivamente. Quanto aos parâmetros cinéticos, a enzima apresentou comportamento Michaeliano para a hidrólise dos dois substratos. O valor de Km foi de 0,6 mM para a atividade de pNPPase e variou de 0,01 a 0,11 para a atividade de PPase, indicando uma maior afinidade por esse substrato. O estudo da hidrólise de pNPP e PPi revelou que o pH ótimo aparente de atuação foi de 10,5 para o pNPP e 8,0 para o PPi, próximo ao fisiológico, sendo que esse é considerado o substrato natural da fosfatase alcalina. Os resultados demonstram que, apesar do tipo de ossificação que ocorre, a mesma enzima ou isoenzimas, atuam nos diferentes locais do osso e estágios de vida dos anuros. A similaridade dos estudos com os realizados com outros vertebrados apontam que os anuros podem ser considerados excelentes modelos animais para o estudo da calcificação biológica.

Percentage Incidences of Bacteria in Mahseer (Tor putitora), Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) Fish Collected from Hatcheries and Local Markets of District Malakand and Peshawar of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Abstract Fish is the main source of animal protein for human diet. The aim of this study was to find out prevalence of pathogenic bacteria of two selected economically important fish of Pakistan namely Mahseer (Tor putitora) and Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix). Live fish samples from hatcheries and dead fish samples from different markets of study area were randomly collected. The fish samples were analyzed for isolation, identification and prevalence of bacteria. The isolated bacteria from study fish were identified through biochemical test and about 10 species of pathogenic bacteria were identified including the pathogenic bacteria to human and fish namely, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus iniae, Serratia spp. Citrobacter spp. Stenotrophomonas spp. Bacillus spp. and Salmonella spp. The bacterial percentage frequency of occurrence in Silver carp and Mahseer fish showed Pseudomonas aeruginosa 21.42%, Staphylococcus epidermidis 17.85%, Escherichia coli 11.90%, Staphylococcus aureus 9.52%, Citrobacter spp. 9.52%, Serratia spp. 8.33%, Streptococcus iniae 7.14%, Stenotrophomonas spp. 5.95%, Bacillus spp. 4.76% and Salmonella spp. 3.57%. The study revealed that Fish samples of Mahseer and Silver carp that were collected from markets have found more isolates (10 bacterial species) than did the fresh fish pond samples (03 bacterial species) of hatcheries. The occurrence of pathogenic bacteria in study fish showed risk factor for public health consumers.

Resumo O peixe é a principal fonte de proteína animal para a alimentação humana. O objetivo deste estudo foi descobrir a prevalência de bactérias patogênicas de dois peixes economicamente importantes selecionados do Paquistão, nomeadamente Mahseer (Tor putitora) e carpa prateada (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix). Amostras de peixes vivos de incubatórios e amostras de peixes mortos de diferentes mercados da área de estudo foram coletadas aleatoriamente. As amostras de peixes foram analisadas quanto ao isolamento, identificação e prevalência de bactérias. As bactérias isoladas dos peixes do estudo foram identificadas através de testes bioquímicos e cerca de 10 espécies de bactérias patogênicas foram identificadas incluindo as bactérias patogênicas para humanos e peixes, nomeadamente, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus iniae, Serratia spp. Citrobacter spp. Stenotrophomonas spp. Bacillus spp. e Salmonella spp. A porcentagem de freqüência de ocorrência bacteriana em carpa prateada e peixes Mahseer mostrou Pseudomonas aeruginosa 21,42%, Staphylococcus epidermidis 17,85%, Escherichia coli 11,90%, Staphylococcus aureus 9,52%, Citrobacter spp. 9,52%, Serratia spp. 8,33%, Streptococcus iniae 7,14%, Stenotrophomonas spp. 5,95%, Bacillus spp. 4,76% e Salmonella spp. 3,57%. O estudo revelou que as amostras de peixes de Mahseer e carpa prateada coletadas nos mercados encontraram mais isolados (10 espécies bacterianas) do que as amostras de peixes frescos (03 espécies bacterianas) de incubatórios. A ocorrência de bactérias patogênicas nos peixes do estudo apresentou fator de risco para consumidores de saúde pública.

Evaluation of virulence factors in clinical isolates of pathogenic E. coli in avian samples in Caloto, Colombia

Avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC), produces an extraintestinal infection in chickens, turkeys, and other types of birds, called colibacillosis, which is considered one of the main causes of economic losses due to morbidity, mortality, and discard of poultry carcasses. The objective of the present study was to characterize the genetic profile of the virulence factors of different isolates of avian E. coli in Caloto, Cauca, Colombia. Materials and methods: E. coli was isolated and identified by biochemical tests, from 47 clinical isolates. Subsequently, the DNA was extracted using Chelex. Three multiplex PCRs were designed to amplify 13 virulence factors (iroN, hlyF, iss, iutA, frz, vat, sitA, KpsM, sitD, fimH, pstB, sopB, and uvrY), using primers previously reported for each. At the end, the amplification products were verified on agarose gels. Each isolate was classified according to the number of virulence factors: group A (between 10 and 13), group B (between 5 and 9), and group C (4 or less). Discussion and Conclusions: we were able to identify the presence of a group of virulence factors in clinical isolates of APEC, which allows us to demonstrate that both the frequency and the profile of virulence factors in the isolated strains showed a different profile than the reported by other authors. The virulence genes pstB and fimH were detected in all our samples, and the iss gene was the one with the lowest frequency. Finally, according to the number of virulence factors, the group A was the most frequent.

La E. coli patógena aviar (APEC), produce una infección extraintestinal en pollos, pavos y otros tipos de aves, denominada colibacilosis, la cual es considerada una de las principales causas de pérdidas económicas por morbilidad, mortalidad y descarte de canales de aves. El objetivo del presente estudio fue caracterizar el perfil genético de los factores de virulencia de diferentes aislamientos de E. coli aviar en Caloto, Cauca, Colombia. Materiales y métodos: E. coli se aisló e identificó mediante pruebas bioquímicas, a partir de 47 aislamientos clínicos. Posteriormente, el ADN se extrajo utilizando Chelex. Se diseñaron tres PCR multiplex para amplificar 13 factores de virulencia (iroN, hlyF, iss, iutA, frz, vat, sitA, KpsM, sitD, fimH, pstB, sopB y uvrY), utilizando primers informados previamente para cada uno. Al final, los productos de amplificación fueron verificados en geles de agarosa. Cada aislamiento se clasificó según el número de factores de virulencia: grupo A (entre 10 y 13), grupo B (entre 5 y 9) y grupo C (4 o menos). Discusión y Conclusiones: pudimos identificar la presencia de un grupo de factores de virulencia en los aislados clínicos de APEC, lo que nos permite demostrar que tanto la frecuencia como el perfil de los factores de virulencia en las cepas aisladas presentaron un perfil diferente al reportado por otros autores. Los genes de virulencia pstB y fimH se detectaron en todas nuestras muestras, siendo el gen iss el de menor frecuencia. Finalmente, según el número de factores de virulencia, el grupo A fue el más frecuente.

Diagnóstico del proceso de reafirmación profesional, en la carrera de Cultura Física, en Granma

La formación de profesionales, con elevada calidad, es tarea esencial de la Educación Superior, por lo que de manera permanente se demanda de graduados comprometidos con los procesos de desarrollo, donde quedan evidenciados los conocimientos, habilidades y valores en los que se han formado. El diagnóstico tuvo como objetivo caracterizar la situación de la orientación y reafirmación profesional (consolidación de los motivos e intenciones profesionales) en el proceso de estudio de la carrera Licenciatura en Cultura Física, en Granma; a partir de tres dimensiones: pedagógica, psicológica y sociológica. Se aplicaron métodos teóricos y empíricos que mostraron insuficiencias en las acciones planificadas en las estrategias educativas y en el plan de trabajo metodológico de las diferentes disciplinas, un limitado aprovechamiento de las potencialidades del contenido y las actividades extensionistas y bajos niveles de satisfacción por el estudio de la Carrera; lo que se manifestó en la no selección de una esfera de actuación para el futuro desempeño profesional, y en los elevados niveles de deserción de los estudiantes, en los dos primeros años de formación.

A formação de profissionais, com elevada qualidade, é uma tarefa essencial do Ensino Superior, razão pela qual existe uma procura permanente de licenciados comprometidos com processos de desenvolvimento, onde se evidenciam os conhecimentos, competências e valores em que foram formados. O objetivo do diagnóstico foi caracterizar a situação de orientação e reafirmação profissional (consolidação de motivos e intenções profissionais) no processo de estudo do Bacharelado em Cultura Física, no Granma; a partir de três dimensões: pedagógica, psicológica e sociológica. a corrida; o que se manifestou na não seleção de uma esfera de atuação para futura atuação profissional, e nos elevados índices de evasão estudantil, nos dois primeiros anos de formação.

The training of professionals, with high quality, is an essential task of Higher Education, which is why there is a permanent demand for graduates committed to development processes, where the knowledge, skills and values in which they have been trained are evidenced. The objective of the diagnosis was to characterize the situation of professional guidance and reaffirmation (consolidation of professional motives and intentions) in the process of studying the Bachelor's degree in Physical Culture, in Granma; from three dimensions: pedagogical, psychological and sociological. Theoretical and empirical methods were applied that showed insufficiencies in the planned actions in the educational strategies and in the methodological work plan of the different disciplines, a limited use of the potential of the content and extension activities and low levels of satisfaction with the study of the career; which was manifested in the non-selection of a sphere of action for future professional performance, and in the high levels of student dropout, in the first two years of training.

Physico-Chemical comparison of four commercially available mineral trioxide aggregates / Comparación fisicoquímica de cuatro mineral trióxido agregados disponibles comercialmente

Abstract To compare the physicochemical composition of 4 MTAs commercially available in Latin America. ProRoot MTA (Dentsply, USA), MTA Angelus (Angelus, Brazil), MTA Flow (Ultradent, USA), and MTA Viarden (Viarden, Mexico) were physically and chemically compared. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were obtained from the MTA powder and the prepared presentations. Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS) analyses were performed by triplicate, to calculate the mass proportion of calcium (Ca), silicon (Si), the Ca/Si proportion among the 4 brands. Thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) were conducted (50ºC-1000ºC), and mass loss and inflection points were calculated for each material. Statistical differences for Ca and Si content were determined by ANOVA (p<0.05). SEM images showed evident differences in the appearance of both the powder and the prepared MTAs among brands. Angelus MTA showed cubic prisms not observed in the other 3 brands. ProRoot MTA and MTA Flow showed similar homogeneous structures. MTA Viarden was the less homogeneous, with random structures (>15um). When comparing the mass proportions of Ca and Si between the 4 powder samples, MTA Viarden showed a significantly lower proportions of both elements when compared with the other brands (p<0.005). TGA análisis showed a similar behavior for ProRoot MTA, MTA Angelus and MTA Flow, with less than 2% mass loss when the 1000C temperature was reached. MTA Viarden showed a mass loss of 9,94% before the 700C, indicating the presence of different content sensible to temperature degradation. The analyzed MTAs demonstrated to vary significantly in their chemical composition and physical characteristics. Clinicians must be aware of the differences between different brands of a same material, and future research should focus on the clinical implications of these differences.

Resumen Comparar la composición fisicoquímica de 4 MTA disponibles comercialmente en América Latina. Se compararon física y químicamente ProRoot MTA (Dentsply, EE. UU.), MTA Angelus (Angelus, Brasil), MTA Flow (Ultradent, EE. UU.) y MTA Viarden (Viarden, México). Se obtuvieron imágenes de microscopía electrónica de barrido (SEM) del polvo de MTA y de las presentaciones preparadas. Los análisis de espectroscopía de dispersión de energía de rayos X (EDS) se realizaron por triplicado para calcular la proporción de masa de calcio (Ca), silicio (Si), la proporción Ca/Si entre las 4 marcas. Se realizaron análisis termogravimétricos (TGA) (50ºC-1000ºC), y se calcularon las pérdidas de masa y los puntos de inflexión para cada material. Las diferencias estadísticas para el contenido de Ca y Si se determinaron mediante ANOVA (p<0,05). Los análisis SEM mostraron diferencias evidentes en la apariencia tanto del polvo como las preparaciones de los MTA, entre las diferentes marcas. MTA Angelus mostró prismas cúbicos no observados en las otras 3 marcas. ProRoot MTA y MTA Flow mostraron estructuras homogéneas similares. MTA Viarden fue el menos homogéneo, con estructuras aleatorias (>15um). Al comparar las proporciones de masa de Ca y Si entre las 4 muestras de polvo, MTA Viarden mostró proporciones significativamente más bajas de ambos elementos en comparación con las otras marcas (p<0,005). El análisis TGA mostró un comportamiento similar para ProRoot MTA, MTA Angelus y MTA Flow, con menos del 2 % de pérdida de masa al alcanzar los 1000 °C de temperatura. El MTA Viarden mostró una pérdida de masa de 9,94% antes de los 700 °C, indicando la presencia de diferentes contenidos sensibles a la degradación por temperatura. Los MTA analizados demostraron diferencias significativas en su composición química y características físicas. Los clínicos deben ser conscientes de las diferencias entre las diferentes marcas de un mismo material, y futuras investigaciones deben enfocarse en las implicaciones clínicas de estas diferencias.

Caracterización en una cohorte de pacientes cubanos con esclerosis sistémica

Introducción: La esclerosis sistémica es una enfermedad autoinmune, de causa desconocida, que produce fibrosis en la piel y en algunos órganos internos junto a alteraciones vasculares. Objetivo: Caracterizar una cohorte de pacientes con esclerosis sistémica. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo transversal, en pacientes con esta entidad, atendidos en el Servicio de Reumatología del Hospital "Hermanos Ameijeiras" en el período comprendido de 2005 hasta el 2016, se incluyeron en el estudio 179 pacientes. Resultados: En los grupos estudiados el 42,45 % tenía entre 45 y 59 años, el 91,62 % eran mujeres y el 68,16 % blancos. El 59,22 % tenían una esclerosis sistémica difusa. El 52,51 % tenían neumopatía intersticial como afectación visceral. El ANA y el antiScL-70, fueron positivos en el 54,19 % y 25,70 % respectivamente. El 25,70 % de los casos falleció por complicaciones propias de la enfermedad. Conclusiones: La caracterización de la cohorte de pacientes con esclerosis sistémica arrojó que la edad de inicio de la enfermedad y el sexo fue igual que el reportado en la literatura, no así para el color de la piel. Predominó la esclerosis sistémica difusa. La afectación visceral más frecuente fue la piel seguida del daño pulmonar.

Introduction: Systemic sclerosis is an autoimmune disease of unknown cause that produces fibrosis in the skin and some internal organs together with vascular alterations. Objective: To characterize a systemic sclerosis cohort of patients. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive observational study was carried out in patients with this entity, treated at the Rheumatology Service of Hermanos Ameijeiras Hospital from 2005 to 2016. One hundred seventy nine (179) patients formed the sample. Results: In the groups studied, 42.45% were between 45 and 59 years old, 91.62% were women and 68.16% were white. 59.22% had diffuse systemic sclerosis. 52.51% had interstitial lung disease as visceral involvement. ANA and antiScL-70 were positive in 54.19% and 25.70% respectively. 25.70% of the cases died due to complications of the disease. Conclusions: The characterization of the cohort of patients with systemic sclerosis showed that the onset age of the disease and the sex were the same as those reported in the literature, but not for skin color. Diffuse systemic sclerosis predominated. The most frequent visceral involvement was the skin, followed by lung damage.

Caracterización clínico-epidemiológica de pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y microalbuminuria

Introducción: La diabetes mellitus constituye una enfermedad de elevada morbilidad y mortalidad. Objetivo: Caracterizar clínica y epidemiológicamente la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y el uso de la microalbuminuria en el daño renal precoz. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal mediante una muestra no probabilística de 94 pacientes, en un universo de 187 enfermos con diabetes mellitus 2, en el Servicio de Medicina Interna del Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico Docente Amalia Simoni, de Camagüey. El mismo tuvo lugar entre enero de 2020 y enero de 2021. Se analizaron variables como edad, sexo, hábitos tóxicos, estado nutricional, tiempo de evolución de la diabetes, comorbilidades, valor de la microalbuminuria y su relación con el tiempo de evolución de la enfermedad. Para el procesamiento de los datos se empleó el programa estadístico SPSS 19.0. Resultados: Prevalecieron el grupo de 60 años y más, el sexo femenino, el tabaquismo como hábito tóxico, y el sobrepeso. Según el tiempo de evolución de la enfermedad, prevaleció el rango de 6 a 10 años. Las comorbilidades principales fueron la hipertensión arterial y la cardiopatía isquémica. La relación entre el tiempo de evolución de la enfermedad y la aparición de microalbuminuria patológica, demostró la utilidad de esta en la detección del daño renal precoz en pacientes con 6 a 10 años de evolución. Conclusiones: Se demostró el papel de la microalbuminuria en la detección del daño renal precoz en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2.

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a disease with high morbidity and mortality. Objective: To characterize clinically and epidemiologically type 2 diabetes mellitus and the use of microalbuminuria in early kidney damage. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out using a non-probabilistic sample of 94 patients from a universe of 187 patients with type2 diabetes mellitus treated in the Internal Medicine Service of the Teaching Clinical-Surgery Hospital "Amalia Simoni", of Camagüey. It was conducted between January 2020 and January 2021. Variables such as age, sex, toxic habits, nutritional status, time of evolution of diabetes, comorbidities; value of albuminuria and its relationship with the time of evolution of the disease were analyzed. The SPSS 19.0 statistical program was used for data processing. Results: The age group of 60 years old and over, female sex, smoking as a toxic habit, and overweight prevailed. According to the time of evolution of the disease, the range of 6 to 10 years prevailed. The main comorbidities were arterial hypertension and ischemic heart disease. The relationship between the time of evolution of the disease and the appearance of pathological microalbuminuria demonstrated its usefulness in the detection of early kidney damage in patients with 6 to 10 years of evolution. Conclusions: The role of microalbuminuria in the detection of early kidney damage in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus was demonstrated.

Caracterización de madres de pacientes con exposición perinatal al Virus de Inmunodeficiencia Humana

La mayor incidencia de la infección por el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) en mujeres ha tenido un impacto directo en la transmisión vertical, situación que puede ser evitada con un adecuado control prenatal. Objetivo: Determinar características demográficas, epidemiológicas y obstétricas de madres de pacientes con exposición perinatal al VIH. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo, observacional, transversal y analítico. Se incluyeron madres con infección por VIH de transmisión horizontal, cuyos hijos con exposición perinatal, nacidos entre 2001 y 2020, fueron atendidos en la Unidad VIH del Hospital de Niños "J.M. de los Ríos" (Caracas-Venezuela). La información fue obtenida de la Base de Datos Interna. Las madres fueron agrupadas según la década de nacimiento del hijo (2001-2010 o 2011-2020). El análisis estadístico incluyó la prueba de Chi cuadrado. Resultados: Se estudiaron 805 madres. La edad promedio al nacer fue 26,4 años; el 8,6 % (n=69/803) era adolescente. El control prenatal fue inadecuado o inexistente en 59,7 % (n=463/776). La identificación de la infección materna fue obtenida durante o después del nacimiento en 36,4 % (n=280/769), con diferencias entre décadas: 26,7 % en la primera y 42,5 % en la segunda (p<0,01). En el 90,4 % (n=253/280) de este grupo el diagnóstico se obtuvo posterior al nacimiento. Conclusiones: La edad promedio de las madres fue 26,4 años. Aproximadamente 50 % tuvo control prenatal inadecuado o inexistente. Alrededor de un tercio obtuvo el diagnóstico después del embarazo, con significativo mayor porcentaje en la segunda década. Sólo en 1/10 madres de este grupo, la infección fue identificada al nacimiento.

The higher incidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in women has had a direct impact on vertical transmission, situation that can be avoided with an adequate prenatal control. Objective: To determine demographic, epidemiological, and obstetric characteristics of mothers of children with perinatal exposure to HIV. Methods: A retrospective, observational, cross-sectional and analytical study was carried out. It was included mothers, with horizontally transmitted HIV infection, whose children with perinatal exposure, born between 2001 and 2020, were treated at the HIV Unit of the Children's Hospital "J.M. de los Ríos" (Caracas-Venezuela). The information was obtained from the Unit Internal Database. The mothers were grouped according to the decade of her child's birth (2001-2010 or 2011-2020). Chi square test was performed for statistical analysis. Results: A total of 805 mothers were studied. The average age at birth was 26.4 years; 8.6 % (n=69/803) were adolescents. Prenatal care was inadequate or non-existent in 59.7 % (n=463/776). Identification of maternal infection was obtained during or after birth in 36.4 % (n=280/769), with differences between decades: 26.7 % in the first and 42.5 % in the second (p<0.01). In 90.4 % (n=253/280) of this group, the diagnosis was obtained after birth. Conclusions: The average age of the mothers was 26.4 years. Approximately 50 % had inadequate or nonexistent prenatal care. About a third were diagnosed after pregnancy, with a significantly higher percentage in the second decade. In only 1/10 mothers of this group the infection was identified at birth.

Caracterización de compost de residuos sólidos orgánicos urbanos de seis distritos de la provincia Leoncio Prado, Perú

En Perú, al 2019, solo el 6,4 % de los distritos disponen sus residuos urbanos en rellenos sanitarios, los cuales, están en situación de colapso, lo que exige buscar alternativas para mejorar la gestión de estos residuos y, frente a ello, el compostaje se perfila como una tecnología simple y económica, empleada para el tratamiento del componente orgánico, para reducir daños a la salud y al ambiente, sin embargo, la falta de criterios técnicos en su aplicación está afectando la calidad del compost final. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar los criterios técnicos de procesamiento y la calidad del compost, a través de residuos sólidos urbanos en los distritos de la provincia Leoncio Prado. La investigación identificó los distritos que aplican el compostaje a sus residuos y evaluó la técnica de procesamiento, indicadores fisicoquímicos y determinó la calidad con base en normas técnicas internacionales. Los resultados muestran que seis de diez distritos aplican el compostaje y los indicadores fisicoquímicos contrastados con los criterios de calidad de la norma técnica chilena (NCH 2880), colombiana 5167 y de la OMS, corresponden a compost de calidad intermedia (Clase B). Los compost evaluados no representan riesgo ambiental y pueden ser utilizados como enmienda en la mejora del suelo y los cultivos con algunas restricciones, por presentar valores elevados de humedad, pH y bajos niveles de P, Ca, Mg y K.

At 2019, in Peru, only 6.4 % of the districts dispose of their urban waste in sanitary landfills, which are in a situation of collapse, therefore is needed looking for alternatives to improve the management of this waste, facing this, composting is emerging as a simple and economical technology used for the treatment of the organic component, thus, reducing damage to health and the environment, however, the lack of technical criteria in its application is affecting the quality of the final compost. The objective of this research was to evaluate the technical criteria for processing and the quality of compost based on municipal solid waste in the districts of Leoncio Prado province. The research identified the districts that apply composting to their waste and evaluated the processing technique, physicochemical indicators and determined the quality based on international technical standards. The results show that six out of ten districts apply composting, and the physicochemical indicators contrasted with the quality criteria of the Chilean technical standard (NCH 2880), Colombian 5167 and WHO, correspond to intermediate quality compost (Class B). The evaluated compost does not represent an environmental risk and can be used as an amendment in soil and crop improvement with some restrictions, since it has high moisture, pH and low levels of P, Ca, Mg and K.

Identification and molecular characterization of Orfvirus infection in occupationally exposed women inSouth America

Abstract Contagious Ecthyma (CE) is a severe exanthematous dermatitis caused by the Orf virus (ORFV) that mainly affects domestic small ruminants such as sheep and goats. It is a worldwide-distributed occupational zoonosis, particularly infecting those in close contact with animals or animal products such as shepherds, farmers and veterinarians, among others. In the present work, we report the first human CE case confirmed in Argentina. A phylogenetic analysis based on four gene sequences of the isolated strain responsible for the disease showed that this isolate grouped with other ORFV sequences that caused reported CE cases in sheep from the same Argentine province. We also sequenced a sample from a Chilean human case reported in 2017, whose phylogenetic analysis showed that it groups together with other Argentine isolates from locations close to the border with Chile. Keywords: Contagious Ecthyma; Dermatitis; Human Orf; Zoonosis; Molecular characterization.

Resumen El ectima contagioso (EC) es una dermatitis exantemática grave causada por el virus Orf (ORFV), que afecta mayormente a pequeños rumiantes domésticos, como ovinos y caprinos. Es una zoonosis ocupacional con distribución mundial, infecta a humanos en estrecho contacto con animales o sus productos, como granjeros, esquiladores y veterinarios, entre otros. En este trabajo se informa el primer caso humano de EC confirmado en Argentina. Un análisis filogenético basado en cuatro genes de la cepa responsable de este caso mostró que el aislamiento agrupa con otras secuencias de ORFV que causaron casos en ovinos en la misma provincia argentina. También se secuenció una muestra del caso de ectima humano reportado en Chile en 2017 y el análisis filogenético mostró que dicho aislamiento forma un grupo con otros aislamientos argentinos de localidades cercanas a la frontera con Chile. Palabras clave: Ectima contagioso; Dermatitis; Orf en humanos; Zoonosis; Caracterización molecular.

Microbiological and Chemical characterization of water kefir: An innovative source of potential probiotics for bee nutrition / Caracterización microbiológica y química del kéfir de agua: una fuente innovadora de potenciales probióticos para la nutrición de las abejas

Abstract We evaluated the microbial composition of water kefir grains and beverage overthe course of one year to determine whether the number and type of microorganisms changedover the time. Bacteria and yeast colonies with different morphologies were isolated fromwater kefir and their antimicrobial activity was evaluated against Paenibacillus larvae andAscosphaera apis. A chemical characterization of kefir was also carried out. Our results con-firmed that bacteria and yeasts were more numerous in kefir grains compared with those in thebeverage. The counts of microorganisms declined, although an important microbial community was still present in kefir after the long storage period. Eleven strains which inhibited bee pathogens were isolated from kefir. Genotypic results demonstrated that these isolates included Lentilactobacillus hilgardii, Lentilactobacillus buchneri and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Thus, water kefir may be an innovative source of potential probiotic strains for bee nutrition in order to control honeybee diseases.

Resumen Evaluamos la composición microbiana del kéfir de agua durante un ano para determinar si la cantidad y el tipo de microorganismos cambiaban con el tiempo. Se aislaron colonias de bacterias y de levaduras con diferentes morfologías, y su actividad antimicrobiana se evaluó frente a Paenibacillus larvaey Ascosphaeraapis. También se realizó una caracterización química del kéfir. Nuestros resultados confirmaron que las bacterias y las levaduras eran más numerosas en los gránulos de kéfir en comparación con la parte líquida. Los recuentos de microorganismos disminuyeron, aunque una cantidad igualmente importante se encontró en el kéfir después de un año. Se aislaron del kéfir once cepas que inhibieron los mencionados patógenos de abejas. Los resultados genotípicos demostraron que estos aislamientos eran Lentilactobacillus hilgardii, Lentilactobacillus buchneri y Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Por lo tanto, el kéfir de agua podría ser una fuente innovadora de potenciales cepas probióticas para contribuir a la nutrición y sanidad de las abejas.

Development and validation of the clinical report form for nodular thyroid pathologies

Abstract Objectives: The aim of this study is to develop and validate a novel clinical report form in the format of a structured interview to enable the characterization of the Portuguese population of the Baixo Vouga region with different subtypes of nodular thyroid pathologies (NTyPs). Materials and methods: A structured interview was developed and to the best of our knowledge, this is the first structured interview built and validated for that purpose in Portugal. Results: This structured interview enables the identification of possible correlations between each subtype of nodular lesions and sociodemographic data, consumption habits and lifestyle, endocrine history, and family predisposition. Conclusion: The novel structured interview will simultaneously, enable a detailed characterization of the group of patients with nodular thyroid lesions and will support future metabolomic studies.

Conformational characterization of the mammalian-expressed SARS-CoV-2 recombinant receptor binding domain, a COVID-19 vaccine

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a large number of diseases worldwide. There are few vaccines to constrain this disease and the value of them is high. In this sense, the antigens of the vaccine platform Soberana, the receptor binding domain from SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein, both the monomeric (mRBD) and dimeric (dRBD) forms, have been developed. This study encompassed several analyses by different techniques like circular dichroism (CD), fluorescence spectroscopy (FS) and Gel Filtration- High Performance Liquid ChLC of mRBD and dRBD. Monomer and dimer exhibited similar far-UV CD spectral characteristics with 54% of β-sheet content. Similar conformational features according to near-UV CD and FS studies were observed in both RBD. Stress stability studies by far-UV CD, FS, biological activity and GF-HPLC at 37 °C showed that mRBD is very stable. On the other hand, dRBD fluorescent emission showed a shift towards higher wavelengths as the incubation time increases, suggesting exposition of tryptophan residues, unlike what happens with mRBD. Biological activity outcome confirms these results. GF-HPLC profiles showed that in mRBD, the product of molecular stress are dimers and does not increase over time. However, dRBD showed dimer fragmentation as the main degradation species. This study reveals the usefulness of CD techniques for the analysis of degradation of RBD molecules as well as showed the difference in stability of both RBD molecules. Besides, our work provides useful insights into the production of a key protein used in diagnosis and therapeutics to fight COVID-19 pandemia.

Development of inclusion complex based on cyclodextrin and oxazolidine derivative

Abstract Oxazolidine derivatives (OxD) have been described as third-line antibiotics and antitumoral agents. The inclusion complexes based on cyclodextrin could improve the solubility and bioavailability of these compounds. A novel synthetic OxD was used, and its inclusion complexes were based on 2-hydroxy-beta-cyclodextrin (2-HPßCD). We conducted an in silico study to evaluate the interaction capacity between OxD and 2-HPßCD. Characterization studies were performed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transformed infrared (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermal analyses. A kinetic study of the OxD was performed, including a cytotoxicity assay using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The maximum increment of solubility was obtained at 70 mM OxD using 400 mM 2-HPßCD. SEM analyses and FTIR spectra indicated the formation of inclusion complexes. 1H-NMR presented chemical shifts that indicated 1:1 stoichiometry. Different thermal behaviors were obtained. The pharmacokinetic profile showed a short release time. Pure OxD and its inclusion complex did not exhibit cytotoxicity in PBMCs. In silico studies provided a foremost insight into the interactions between OxD and 2-HPßCD, including a higher solubility in water and an average releasing profile without toxicity in normal cells

Isolation and characterization of bacteria residing in the oral, gut, and fecal samples of different pheasant species / Isolamento e caracterização de bactérias residentes nas amostras orais, intestinais e fecais de diferentes espécies de faisão

Abstract There is a paucity of research conducted on microbial prevalence in pheasants. The microbiota of captive birds has zoonotic significance and must be characterize. Present study is therefore planned to assess the microbiota from oral, fecal and gut content of captive avian species. It will be helpful in characterization of harmful microbes. Different samples taken from oral, gut and feces of ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus), green pheasants (Phasianus versicolor), golden pheasant (Chrysolophus pictus) and silver pheasant (Lophura nycthemera). Samples were collected, diluted, and inoculated onto different agar plates (MacConkey, SS agar, MSA and nutrient agar) for cultivation of bacterial species. Colonies of E.coli, Staphylococcus spp. Brachyspira spp. and Campylobacter spp were observed based on colony morphology. Colony forming unit showed E. coli as frequently found bacteria in fecal, oral and gut contents of all the above pheasants. The overall significance difference was found among bacterial species of golden pheasants, green pheasant, ring-necked pheasant, and silver pheasants. It was concluded that E.coli is predominant isolated from heathy pheasants followed by Campylobacter, Staphylococcus and Brachyspira.

Resumo Há uma escassez de pesquisas realizadas sobre a prevalência microbiana em faisões. A microbiota de aves em cativeiro tem significado zoonótico e deve ser caracterizada. O presente estudo está, portanto, planejado para avaliar a microbiota do conteúdo oral, fecal e intestinal de espécies aviárias em cativeiro. Será útil na caracterização de micróbios nocivos. Diferentes amostras retiradas da boca, intestino e fezes de faisões de pescoço redondo (Phasianus colchicus), faisões verdes (Phasianus versicolor), faisões dourados (Chrysolophus pictus) e faisão prateado (Lophura nycthemera). As amostras foram coletadas, diluídas e inoculadas em diferentes placas de ágar (MacConkey, ágar SS, MSA e ágar nutriente) para o cultivo de espécies bacterianas. Colônias de E. coli, Staphylococcus spp., Brachyspira spp. e Campylobacter spp foram observados com base na morfologia da colônia. A unidade formadora de colônia mostrou E. coli como bactéria frequentemente encontrada no conteúdo fecal, oral e intestinal de todos os faisões acima. A diferença de significância geral foi encontrada entre as espécies bacterianas de faisões dourados, faisões verdes, faisões de pescoço anelado e faisões prateados. Verificou-se que a E.coli é predominantemente isolada de faisões saudáveis, seguida por Campylobacter, Staphylococcus e Brachyspira.